提起鲁滨孙这个叫得十分响亮的名字，几乎无人不知。他是世界闻名的早期探险家。前几天，我刚刚阅读完了英国作家笛福写的《鲁滨孙飘流记》大作，我的心情久久不能平静。直到现在，我还想着《鲁滨孙飘流记》的惊心动魄。
《鲁滨孙飘流记》讲的是鲁滨孙从小就想在海上航行。稍长大些，他随好朋友一起出去航海，学会了些本领，但几次都十分失败，都是死里逃生才活过来的。有一次，他从巴西出发，航海遇到巨大的海啸和风暴，全船的人除他一人外，全部被淹死，他游到一个无人的荒岛，利用在破船上找到的东西和在森林中采到的野果，还有捕捉到的野兽，在那个毫无人烟在的小岛上住了整整二十八年又一个月，才和一些外来的人经历了些战斗，回到了巴西。
读了这本书，我感触很深，一个普通的人，怎能在岛上仅用几支枪、一些数得清的大米小麦，甚至连鞋子都没有而生存二十八年呢！这常人想都不敢想的事情，鲁滨孙办到了。他曾在无药而发高烧的情况下，利用简单的烟叶、水和少量的食品，做成了一种可以吃的东西。他一连几天四肢无力，但他坚持到底，坚信自己的病一定会好的。他不因一些很难办的事情而绝望的精神鼓舞着我。
在这方面，我也有同感。有一段时间，我的成绩都大浮下降，我想：我为什么会考得那么差。后来，我寻找原因，重新振足起来，努力复习。终于，我又一次我考了前几名。我深刻的认识到：一个人要取得成就，就要坚持不解的奋斗到底。要不被客观的条件所束缚，想方设法创造条件。学习，同样如此。一次考好容易，难的在于要坚持每次考好。我想，只要自己勤奋、努力、持之以恒，我心中的目标一定会实现。
这些天，我常常常深思一个问题：我们生活道路还很长很长，以后，我们应该如何面对重重困难、克服重重困难，是鲁滨孙给了我一个很好的回答。
鲁滨逊漂流记有感》
回想起来这已是我第二次读《鲁滨逊漂记》这本书了，但是这一次我却对这本书有了更深的理解了。
再一次读完鲁滨逊漂流记后我感悟到了人生的道路中不能遇到困难就唉声叹气，应该勇于面对困难遇事还要乐观一些,都不要把任何事都看的那么绝对，要多想办法来解决问题,就像鲁滨逊一样虽然身陷荒岛确不坐叹命运不济，而是充分利用自己的头脑和双手，修建住所、种植粮食、驯养家畜、制造器具、缝制衣服，把荒岛改造成井然有序、欣欣向荣的家园。就像在发现有野人的时候刚开始手忙脚乱，可是最后他沉着冷静以他的勇气与智慧和“星期五”并肩作战，一起打退了野人，这也体现出一个人遇到困难只要沉着冷静的去应对就一定会有办法解决的，对人就像一颗种子他会想尽办法冲破泥土去感受太阳的温暖，当他经历晚千辛万苦回头望去，他已是枝繁叶茂的苍天大树了，在我们的旅途中不能只停留在原地，要时刻想着只要我努力明天会更好，这样才不会因满足于现状而自失。
鲁滨逊又是个彻头彻尾的“经纪人”。他热衷于航海，并不因为什么浪漫的追求，而是完全为了经济利益。他在海岛上曾发过几句金钱无用的感慨，但说过以后立刻就把见到的钱币一一收好，最后又一千不落带回英国。
在他看来，非经济的社会关系和活动是次要的，他被海盗俘获时曾鼓动同为海盗奴隶的小男孩佐立一起逃跑，并许诺要使他成为“了不起的人”。然而一旦出逃成功又有人出了个好价钱，他只稍经犹豫、略讲价钱就把那孩子卖了。后来他在荒 岛上解救了一名土著，给他起名“星期五”，便顺理成章地把他收为奴仆。从这些看来一个人也要存在一些利益观念也要具备一些经济头脑,会分辨哪些对自己有利哪些对自己有害不能满足于现状有事要做一些长远的打算才能更保险一些。
全书最精彩、最令人难忘的是鲁滨逊在荒岛上的经历，作者用第一人称以及生动逼真的细节把虚构的情景写得使人如同身临其境一般，使故事具有强烈的真实感。另外，小说的语言自然流畅，文字通俗易懂，这也体现出了笛福小说的一大特点，整部作品似乎在向读者讲述一个精彩的故事，这也正是这篇小说的魅力所在。
鲁滨逊漂流记》读后感
当我郑重地翻过最后一页，读完了这个情节曲折，跌宕起伏的故事之后，我想我真的被它震撼了。这本《鲁滨逊漂流记》的著作是被誉为"英国小说之 父"丹尼尔?笛福在59岁时写的。主人公鲁滨逊怀着云游四海的高志远向，越过大西洋和太平洋，在惊心动魄的航海中历经无数险情，后来整条船终于在太平洋上不幸罹难，唯有他一人得以奇迹般地活下来，并只身来到一座荒无人烟的孤岛上。
他从绝望的缝隙中得到了生命的启示，在孤岛上瞬间便几十年。他在孤岛上劳作生息，开拓荒地，圈养牲畜，生产水稻和小麦，年复一年与孤独为伴，克服了种种常人难以克服的困难。他曾与野兽斗智，也曾与吃人肉的野人斗勇。
曾有人说过，“作为一个人，首先应该学会的便是如何生存。”鲁滨孙并未做出什么惊天动地的事情，而是和我们一样在生活着。但这些琐碎的细节却又是鲁滨孙同困境对抗的过程，而这些困境又是几乎每个人都曾体会到的：黑暗，饥饿，恐惧，孤独。鲁滨孙的经历之所以具有传奇性是因为在一个特定的环境中，困境被放大了，对抗困境的时间被拉长了。
如果我是他，当船遇到暴风中失事的时候，我不可能像他那样去接受那重重的困难和波折，因为我没有自信。
如果我是他，当独自一人置身于荒岛之上，我不可能像他那样去面对突如其来的灾难，积极自救，因为我没那个能力。
如果我是他，当看到野人用自己同类开宴会时，我不可能像他那样勇敢的站出来，与他们搏斗，因为我没有那种胆量。
我是个女生，但也不得不承认自己的软弱与无能，在自己的生活中，很难遇到挫折，即使遇到了，爸爸妈妈总是扶着我，然而幸福中的我根本没意识到家人关爱是一种莫大的快乐看着鲁滨逊的经历，让我可以想象到他在孤岛生活的艰辛，体验到他不屈不挠的冒险精神，更使我重新燃起了对生活的热爱之火。
生活就像是一幅画,有的人画出了春天的生机,夏天的绿荫,秋天的收获,冬天的希望.而有的人却画出了春天的寂寞,夏天的焦躁,秋天的凄凉,冬天的悲哀.画的色彩如何,全取决于作画人本身对生活的态度.鲁滨逊那种对生活不断追求,对交往的向往都源于他那对生活无比热爱崇尚的精神.
如今,我们的生活如此丰富多彩,我们是否有去珍惜,甚至还有人会去轻生,多么愚昧的举动啊.想想鲁滨逊,他为了生存下来,回到正常的社会中去,一直坚持不懈地拼搏着.而对于那些人们,我不知他们领悟到了什么.生活中是存在着千千万万个困难,但也共存这许许多多的精彩与幸福,我们应该去挖掘去体会,那我们才会得到更多. 我崇尚着我的生活,尽管它很普通.我热爱生活,我要用我笨拙的笔去画,画出一张最美的生活!
主人公鲁宾逊·克鲁索出生于一个上流社会家庭，但是他并不满足于现有的生活，从小就有一个远大的志向——乘风破浪到世界各地远航。可他的父母坚决反对他出海。他只能瞒着父母进行他的梦想。一次，两次，三次，在第四次航海中，船只遇到了暗礁，不幸沉没了，只有鲁宾逊一人幸存了下来，流落到了一个荒岛上，他从沉没的船只上找到了他的生活必需品，靠着这些“财产”在荒岛上生活了将近三十年之久。
生活在上流社会的富家子弟一般都倍受父母的宠爱，经不起各种挫折，就像温室里的花朵，而鲁宾逊却依靠自己的能力制作各种食物、用品，简直不可思议。这便是人类最原始的能力，任何一个人在逆境中都会有如此的能力。但重要的是鲁宾逊在岛上发生意外的惊险事件时做出了正确反应和判断。他会在逆境中通过自己的想法判断让自己的生活条件有所提升，要是他盲目行动，不动脑袋不认真分析情形的话，也许故事的结局就不会是重返故土了，而是陷入了比书中所说的还要差的生活了，甚至会丧命。
比如说在《新伙伴“星期五”》这一章中，鲁宾逊做了很好的防御工作，虽然“星期五”是个很老实忠诚的人，但如果没有警惕的心理，在后来的几年中，他都不可能顺利地达到自己的目的。
再比如说在《遇难的英国船》这一章中，鲁宾逊的智慧凸现得更为明显，他的计策让船长收复了大船，鲁宾逊自己也得以重返故土。
在困难中自力更生，用双手创造奇迹并不难，难的是要从小树立远大的理想，并且不断地付诸行动、积累知识，在顺境时就能抓住机会，逆境时能克服困难达到自己的目的，这是我从这本书，从鲁宾逊的故事中明白的道理。
Nepal
I INTRODUCTION
Nepal, officially Kingdom of Nepal, constitutional monarchy in South Asia. Locked within the rugged ranges of the Himalayas, Nepal is bounded by the Tibet region of China on the north and India on the south, east, and west. It was cut off from the rest of the world until the early 1950s, when a palace revolution and the subsequent overthrow of the autocratic Rana dynasty marked the beginning of Nepal’s emergence into the modern world. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city.
II LAND AND RESOURCES
Nepal covers an area of 147,181 sq km (56,827 sq mi). It is divided into four topographical zones: the Great Himalayas, the Middle Himalayas, the Outer Himalayas, and the Tarāi. The highest zone is the Great Himalayas, in northern Nepal. Eight of the ten highest mountains in the world are located either wholly or partially in this area. These include Mount Everest (8,850 m/29,035 ft), Kānchenjunga (8,598 m/28,209 ft), Makālu (8,481 m/27,825 ft), Dhaulāgiri (8,172 m/26,811 ft), and Annapūrna 1 (8,091 m/26,545 ft).
To the south of the Great Himalayas are the Middle Himalayas, dominated in Nepal by the Mahābhārat Range, with peaks averaging less than 3,000 m (9,900 ft). Several rivers run through Nepal’s Middle Himalayas including the Seti, Karnali, Bheri, Kali Gandaki, Trisuli, Sun Kosi, Arun, and Tamur. In the Middle Himalayan zone most rivers converge and form four main river systems: the Karnali, Narayani, Gandaki, and Kosi, which traverse the Mahābhārat Range through deep gorges, making navigation difficult or impossible.
South of the Middle Himalayas lies the Siwālik Range of the Outer Himalayas, with an average elevation of about 1,000 to 2,000 m (about 3,300 to 6,600 ft). This area of Nepal has a number of flat valleys well suited to agriculture.
The Tarāi, a generally flat, fertile lowland, is the southernmost topographic zone in Nepal. Much of this area comprises the northern extension of the Gangetic Plain of India. Rivers rising in the Himalayas emerge in the Tarāi and continue southward, some of them becoming tributaries of the Ganges in northern India. The Tarāi is susceptible to flooding, which occurs regularly with the summer monsoon runoff from the mountains. The fertile soils of the Tarāi make up a major agricultural area where nearly half the country’s population lives.
A Plant and Animal Life
Forests occupy 27 percent of Nepal’s land area. The Tarāi supports extensive hardwood and bamboo forests in areas not cleared for agriculture or resettlement. On the lower slopes of the mountains, pines flourish amid oaks and wildflowers. Firs and shrubs thrive in the higher regions, most notably the tree rhododendron, Nepal’s national flower, which produces beautiful red and pink blooms from March to April. Smaller plants, such as mosses and grasses, grow at elevations above 3,700 m (12,000 ft). Above the snow line of the Great Himalayas (higher than about 4,300 m/about 15,000 ft) no vegetation grows.
Deforestation is a major problem in Nepal. The country lost half its forests between 1950 and 1980 because of increased demand for fodder, fuelwood, and land for agriculture and settlement. Much of the deforestation has taken place in the Tarāi, although the Middle and Great Himalayan regions have also experienced serious deforestation. With the assistance of the United States and international agencies, Nepal has embarked on several programs to extend and restore its forest cover.
The wildlife of the Tarāi includes tigers, leopards, deer, and elephants. The Royal Chitwan National Park, located in the Tarāi, was set aside to house and protect endangered wildlife such as the rhinoceros, tiger, sloth bear, gaur (a large species of ox), and Ganges River dolphin. Wild goats, sheep, and wolves live at higher elevations, and yak are herded by local people.
B Natural Resources
Fertile soils are limited to the Tarāi and some of the larger valleys of the Middle Himalayas. Some 20.3 percent of the country’s total land area is cultivated—a figure that includes hillsides with thin, poor soils terraced for farming. Due to population pressure, the percentage of Nepal’s cultivated area has increased from only 10 percent in the 1960s.
Nepal’s mineral resources are limited. Low-grade deposits of iron ore are found in the mountains near Kathmandu. Small deposits of copper exist in many areas and small reserves of mica have been found in the hills northeast of Kathmandu. Mineral extraction and transport is a major problem due to the country’s rugged terrain.
C Climate
Nepal’s climate varies according to elevation. The Tarāi of southern Nepal has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by rainy summers and the southwest winds of the monsoon, and almost dry winters. The effect of the southern monsoon climate extends northward into mountain valleys. In the Middle Himalayan valleys the amount of precipitation varies with the extent of exposure to the rain-bearing monsoon winds. Several high valleys located in the rain shadow (area where precipitation is partially blocked by mountains) are dry. In the Kathmandu Valley the average rainfall is about 2,300 mm (about 90 in), most of which occurs from June to September. Between elevations of about 500 and 2,700 m (about 1,640 and 8,860 ft) there is a warm temperate climate; between about 2,700 and 3,000 m (about 8,860 and 9,840 ft) a cool temperate climate prevails. Between about 3,500 and 4,100 m (about 11,480 and 13,450 ft) summers are cool and winters are very cold. Above 4,100 m (about 13,450 ft) a severely cold, alpine climate prevails.
III THE PEOPLE OF NEPAL
Nepal had a population of 18,462,081 at the time of the 1991 census. The average population density at the time was 125 persons per sq km (329 per sq mi), although nearly half the people were concentrated in the narrow Tarāi region. In contrast, the 2002 population estimate was 25,873,917. The population has grown rapidly since 1950 when there were only 9 million people. Although the government has sponsored family planning since the 1950s, these programs have been slow to affect Nepal’s population growth. In 2002 the population was increasing at an annual rate of 2.3 percent. Only 12 percent of the population lived in urban areas in 2000. Major cities include Kathmandu, Lalitpur (Patan), Bhaktapur, Birātnagar, and Bīrganj.
A Ethnic Groups, Languages, and Religion
Nepal’s indigenous population consists of two major groups, the Indo-Nepalese, whose ancestors migrated into the country from the south, and the Tibeto-Nepalese, whose ancestors entered Nepal from the north. Although intermingling between the two groups has occurred, cultural, linguistic, and religious differences exist both between and within the two groups. The Indo-Nepalese group comprises people who speak Sanskrit-derived languages and are strict adherents to Hinduism. Nepali, the official language, is derived from Sanskrit. Differences within the Indo-Nepalese group are marked more by caste (a system of social hierarchy) than by ethnicity. The Tibeto-Nepalese group comprises several different ethnic groups including Newar, Bhutia, Sherpa, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, and Limbu people. Although most of the Tibeto-Nepalese speak Nepali, each ethnic group also has its own language. While the majority of Nepali people practice Hinduism, the official religion, a strong shamanist element remains in the religious practices of many Tibeto-Nepalese ethnic groups (see Shaman). Buddhism is also important within the country. Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbinī, in present-day Nepal. There is also a small Muslim population mainly located in the Tarāi.
B Education
Under the Rana family, which ruled Nepal from 1846 to 1951, only the upper class had access to education. After the 1951 revolution, Nepal established an education system with free primary education for all children. Primary school begins at the age of 6 and lasts until age 10. Secondary education that follows lasts until the age of 15. Attendance of primary school was near universal for boys, but only 100 percent of primary school-aged girls were enrolled in 1998. Secondary school enrollment included only 48 percent (56.4 percent of the boys of that age group and 38 percent of the girls) in 1998. Formal schooling in Nepal is constrained by economic and cultural factors such as a bias against educating girls and a need for children to work at home or in the fields. In 2001 the literacy rate was estimated at 61 percent of the adult population, with a large gap between male and female literacy rates. Only 44 percent of the female population was literate in 2001 compared to 77 percent of the males. Urban areas have higher literacy rates than rural areas. In 1990 Nepal launched a 12-year literacy program targeting 8 million people between the ages of 6 and 45 years old. Tribhuvan University, founded in Kathmandu in 1959, is the only doctoral-granting institution of higher education in Nepal. Nepal also has a number of colleges, all of which are either affiliated with, or follow standards set by, Tribhuvan University.
C Way of Life
Nepal’s society is predominantly rural. Social life in the village revolves around the family, which is headed by the father. Extended families sometimes break apart as sons separate from parents and brothers from each other in search of additional land. Family property is divided equally among sons at the time of separation. Consequently, family land holdings are extremely fragmented. Villagers often pool resources and labor to implement village-level projects such as irrigation ditches or channels. Rice is the food staple in most parts of the country. Barley, millet, and potatoes are important food staples in the Himalayas.
In Nepal women are generally subordinate to men and have less access to education, economic resources, and political power. Their plight, however, varies from one ethnic group to another. Among Tibeto-Nepalese communities female status is relatively better than in Indo-Nepalese communities. Generally, women work harder and longer than men, taking care of household chores, fetching water and animal fodder, and farming. Women in upper-class families, however, have maids who do household work and other menial chores.
A revival of artistic and intellectual expression occurred in Nepal after the overthrow of Rana rule in the early 1950s. Nepali works of poetry and literature emphasize patriotism and national pride. Hindu and Buddhist religious values inspire the expression of Nepali artists. The lives of gods, saints, and heroes and the relationship of the individual to society and the universe are explored in sculpture, architecture, and drama. Numerous temples and shrines in the Kathmandu Valley display the skill and highly developed aesthetic sense of Nepali artists. Favorite recreational activities of the Nepali include music and dance. Religious ceremonies involve the use of drums and musical instruments preserved since ancient times. In rural areas devotional songs are an important part of cultural life. Radio Nepal schedules folk music programs to foster the traditional culture of the country.
IV ECONOMY
The United Nations (UN) classifies Nepal as one of the least developed countries in the world. The country’s gross domestic product (GDP) was $5.5 billion in 2000, with an estimated per capita GDP of $240. Several factors have contributed to Nepal’s underdevelopment, including its landlocked geography, rugged terrain, lack of natural resources, and poor infrastructure. China, India, Japan, the United States, and several European nations have made large investments in Nepal’s economy through foreign aid since 1952. Still, the country’s economic growth has been slow. Nepal’s economy is characterized by heavy dependence on foreign aid, a narrow range of exports, increasing economic disparity between the mountain areas and the more developed Tarāi region, excessive governmental control and regulation, and inefficient public enterprises and administration. In addition, the economy has not kept pace with the country’s high population growth. In particular, the slow growth of agriculture has resulted in food shortages and malnutrition for some of Nepal’s people.
A Agriculture and Manufacturing
Agriculture dominates Nepal’s economy. It provides a livelihood for 79 percent of the population and contributes 40 percent of GDP. The Tarāi is the main farming region of the country. Rice and corn are major food crops; potato, oilseed, sugarcane, jute, and tobacco are major cash crops. Nepal’s industrial base is limited. Most industries are based on agricultural raw materials or dependent on various imported materials, mostly from India. Large manufacturing plants are owned and operated by the government. Major manufactured products include jute, sugar, cigarettes, beer, matches, shoes, cement, and bricks. Traditional cottage industries such as basket and carpet weaving are also important to Nepal’s economy.
B Services
Tourism represents a growing sector of the economy. Foreign tourism is primarily confined to Kathmandu Valley and major national parks such as the Sagarmatha National Park (around the Mount Everest area), Annapūrna Conservation Area, and Royal Chitwan National Park. Tourism has created demands for services and materials that are slowly changing the ecology, environment, and economy of the Himalayan region. Sherpas, well known for assisting as guides on Himalayan treks and mountain-climbing expeditions, benefit from Nepal’s growing popularity as a tourist destination.
A unique part of Nepal’s economy are the famous Gurkha mercenaries. Beginning with a treaty signed with British-controlled India in the early 1800s, young Nepali men served in the British, and later Indian, armies. Known for their brave fighting skills, these mercenaries have fought in nearly every major war, and with UN peacekeeping forces. Nepal receives more than $50 million in hard currency annually from soldiers’ salaries sent home, pensions, and other Gurkha-related payments.
C Energy
Most of the energy consumed in Nepal comes from traditional sources such as fuelwood, the use of which contributes to deforestation. Tremendous potential exists for hydroelectric power development, but growth is inhibited by terrain, lack of infrastructure, and insufficient capital investment. Nepal has harnessed only a fraction of its potential hydropower. The country is heavily reliant on India for imported, nonrenewable sources of power such as oil and kerosene.
D Transportation and Communications
Nepal has a relatively underdeveloped network of roads. There are some main roads, which connect major cities and stretch to the borders of both India and China. However, the main means of transportation is the network of footpaths and trails that interlace the mountains and valleys. There is also a small railway along the Indian border. The government-owned Royal Nepal Airlines was the only commercial airline until 1992, when the government permitted other airlines to operate. Now a number of airlines provide domestic service between Nepal’s major cities as well as to its remote regions. International service is available to India, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Pakistan, and Japan. Tribhuvan International Airport outside Kathmandu is the main airport. There are also several smaller airstrips serving domestic air travel in Nepal.
Nepal has limited telecommunication services. Postal services have improved in recent years but are still inaccessible to many Nepalese. Few people own telephones, although most urban areas have public telephone services. Radio Nepal broadcasts programs in Nepali and English to more than 90 percent of the population. Television programming is limited, but programs from overseas are available via satellite in remote parts of the country. The major newspapers in Nepal include the Gorkhapatra, Nepali Hindi Daily, Samaya, and Daily News; freedom of the press was guaranteed under Nepal’s 1990 constitution.
E Foreign Trade
For geographical and historical reasons, most of Nepal’s trade is with India. Attempts have been made to diversify trade by making new agreements with China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Thailand, Germany, and Japan. Nepal has a growing trade deficit with India. Major exports are clothing, carpets, grain, and leather goods. Major imports are petroleum products, fertilizer, and machinery.
F Currency and Banking
Nepal’s monetary unit is the Nepalese rupee (71.09 Nepalese rupees equal U.S. $1; 2000 average). It is issued from the country’s central bank, Nepal Rastra Bank (founded in 1956). Indian rupees are still used in Nepal, although less widely than before trade disputes between the two countries in 1989.
V GOVERNMENT
Nepal’s government is a constitutional monarchy. In response to major pro-democracy protests, Nepal adopted a new constitution in 1990 that established a multiparty democracy but preserved the king’s status as chief of state. The 1990 constitution ended nearly 30 years of absolute monarchy in which the king dominated Nepal’s politics and political parties were banned. Nepal has universal suffrage beginning at the age of 18.
A Executive and Legislature
Executive powers are vested in the king and a council of ministers, composed of a prime minister and other ministers. The king appoints the leader of the majority party in parliament as prime minister. Other ministers are appointed from parliament by the king upon the recommendation of the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible for the day-to-day administration of Nepal.
The 1990 constitution established a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature consisting of a house of representatives and a national council. The House of Representatives has 205 members directly elected by the voters. The National Council has 60 members: 10 nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives, and 15 elected by an electoral college comprising the voters, chairs, and deputy chairs of villages, towns, and districts. Members of parliament serve five-year terms unless the parliament is dissolved earlier upon recommendation of the prime minister.
B Judiciary
The judiciary is made up of three tiers: the Supreme Court, appellate courts, and district courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court. The chief justice is appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. Other judges of the three courts are appointed on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.
C Political Parties
Major political parties include the Nepali Congress Party (NCP), a reform-oriented centrist party, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), or CPN-UML. Both of these parties operated illegally in Nepal from exile in India until the 1990 reforms lifted the ban on political parties. The pro-royal National Democratic Party (NDP) was formed prior to the first democratic elections in 1991. In 1998 a faction within the CPN-UML broke away to form a new party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist), or CPN-ML.
D Social Services
Nepal has significant health care problems and receives aid through foreign agencies and religious groups. Diseases and chronic infections have been particularly prevalent in rural areas, including goiter, tuberculosis, and dysentery. Cases of leprosy continue to exist in some areas. Another chronic problem in Nepal is malnutrition, which is particularly severe in hill and mountain regions where people often experience food shortages.
E Defense
In 2001 Nepal’s defense force consisted of an army of about 46,000. There is no air force, altho
可以先把中文的写出来，再找高手翻译啊~~就是原创了
British novelist Defoe's "of Robinson Crusoe describes was born in a businessman of the house of Robinson, unwilling to like that parents mediocre for life, a heart yearning for a full of adventure and challenge of overseas life, so resolutely abandon comfortable life, who left home sailing, to realize roam the world dream. Hero drifting island, overcome difficulties, in a deserted, lack even the most basic living conditions of the island, he's alone, overcame many ordinary people cannot imagine the difficulties. With tolerable fortitude tenaciously survived. There is no house, his own structures. No food, he tried to hunting, millet, xun keeping a goat, bask in wild raisins, he also oneself fumble to do a desk and chair, making pottery, with the scarf bask in surface making bread but want to return to the world that he would like to swiftly fascinated wondrously only think about how out of this place, finally 1868 back after 28 years of Britain.
Novel the most attractive places is Robinson's character. He adventurous, dares to pursue free, free life. Even stranded on a desert island, and never discouraged. So, Robinson on a desert island and set up their own physical and spiritual kingdom. Facing life predicament, Robinson actions, shows a manly character and viewpoints hero ecru. Embodies the bourgeois rise period of creative spirit and pioneering spirit. Now, in the west, "Robinson" has become the pronoun of adventurers and thousands of readers hero.
Robinson Crusoe became listerature immortal masterpiece, also lies in its authenticity and extraordinary artistic expression. Open your book first page: "keep this book to offer those everywhere depend on their parents of teenagers, rely on school friends."
We need to have Crusoe that struggle spirit.
In his thought, there is nothing what humans can overcome the difficulties, and as long as humans make full use of their own wisdom and hands, all problems will be readily solved. We learn, too, have to believe in yourself have the ability to learn, so that each subject in the learning process will have a stream of dynamic constantly prompted us forward. In the meantime, still must be in complete each event masterpiece.
Robinson self-esteem, self-confidence, self-reliance, self-improvement, never satisfied, unwilling mediocre spirit, Tell me Robinson by their own honest, kindhearted, wisdom and determination to create, to develop. His spirit is worth learning!