Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. They chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can execute and perhaps judge of particulars one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling or affair, come best from those that are learned.
To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They prefer nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by studies; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation.
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.
Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.
Abeunt studia in mores [Studies go to form character]; nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies. Like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises, bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head and the like; so, if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again; if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find difference, let him study the schoolmen, for they are cymini sectores [hair-splitters]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ case; so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
是pruning这个单词的同义词n. 修剪;剪枝 adj. 修剪用的 v. 修剪(prune的ing形式 第一篇我介绍英国散文史祖培根的 《论读书》, 这绝对是经典中的经典,有一点难,但是有中文应该还可以理解。 “Of Studies”英文原版: Of Studies is writen by Francis Bacon Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning (pruning) by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in/ by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. (Studeis go to make up a man’s character. '?-be-"unt-'stü-dE-"?-"in-'mO-"rAs) Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach ; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. (Hair-splitters sim-mini sek-torr-es) If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.--培根 论读书(reference:http://english.cri.cn/3188/2006/05/25/ 英语语言学文学网站:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_59a22f2b0100awo3.html) [编辑本段]"of studies"中文译文: 读书可以作为消遣,可以作为装饰,也可以增长才干。孤独寂寞时,阅读可以消遣。高谈阔论时,知识可供装饰。处世行事时,知识意味着才干。 懂得事务因果的人是幸运的。有实际经验的人虽能够处理个别性的事务,但若要综观整体,运筹全局,却唯有学识方能办到。读书太慢的人驰惰,为装潢而读书是欺人,完全按照书本做事就是呆子。求知可以改进人性,而经验又可以改进知识本身。人的天性犹如野生的花草,求知学习好比修剪移栽。学问虽能指引方向,但往往流于浅泛,必须依靠经验才能扎下根基。 狡诈者轻鄙学问,愚鲁者羡慕学问,聪明者则运用学问。知识本身并没有告诉人怎样运用它,运用的智慧在于书本之外。这是技艺,不体验就学不到。 读书的目的是为了认识事物原理。为挑剔辩驳去读书是无聊的。但也不可过于迷信书本。求知的目的不是为了吹嘘炫耀,而应该是为了寻找真理,启迪智慧。 书籍好比食品。有些只须浅尝,有些可以吞咽,只有少数需要仔细咀嚼,慢慢品味。所以,有的书只要读其中一部分,有的书只须知其梗概,而对于少数好书,则应当通读,细读,反复读。有的书可以请人代读,然后看他的笔记摘要就行了。但这只应限于不太重要的议论和质量粗劣的书。否则一本书将像已被蒸馏过的水,变得淡而无味了。 读书使人充实,讨论使人机敏,写作则能使人精确。因此,如果有人不读书又想冒充博学多知,他就必须很狡黠,才能掩人耳目。如果一个懒于动笔,他的记忆力就必须强而可靠。如果一个人要孤独探索,他的头脑就必须格外锐利。 读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,学习数学使人精密,物理学使人深刻,伦理学使人高尚,逻辑修辞使人善辩。总之,"知识能塑造人的性格"。不仅如此,精神上的各种缺陷,都可以通过求知来改善——正如身体上的缺陷,可能通过适当的运动来改善一样。例如打球有利于腰背,射箭可扩胸利肺,散步则有助于消化,骑术使人反应敏捷,等等。同样道理,一个思维不集中的人,他可以研习数学,因为数学稍不仔细就会出错。缺乏分析判断的人,他可以研习而上学,因为这门学问最讲究细琐的辩证。不善于推理的人,可以研习法律案例。如此等等。这种心灵上的缺陷,都可以通过学习而得到改善
Samuel Johnson's letter to Lord Chesterfield 致切斯特菲尔德伯爵书
To The Right Honourable The Earl Of Chesterfield
7th February, 1755.
My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.
When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;—that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.
Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.
The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.
Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
如果这两篇太长或太难的话,我再介绍一篇比较短的是英国女作家伍尔夫的<About reading books>这篇文章很短,虽然有的词的用法可能会深一点,但是有翻译对照一下相信你可以理解大部分,文章主要是讲要怎么读好书的,像这种和学习比较贴近的文章的读后感我想会比较好写。其实如果你真的要写这篇的话,那有的看不懂的词语或者用法就跳过去,对照中文理解一下中心思想就好。 About reading books It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse;and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.
For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep;moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.
Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.